Research

Work published by groups using these devices.

Explore 19 peer-reviewed academic studies powered by
wearables

Selected work

At-home wearable measurements provide detailed growth charts of infant early gross motor development

Airaksinen, M., Taylor, E., Palsa, T., de Sena, S., Haataja, L. and Vanhatalo, S. · Science Translational Medicine, 2026

Age-normative growth charts for gross motor development, built from 580 at-home recordings (1227 hours of playtime) in 92 infants and covering 220 motor metrics. In an external clinical cohort of 39 infants, 91% of the metrics generalised and 55% separated abnormal neurodevelopment.

Garment: MAIJU Analyses: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Gross motor growth charts Other: Infant movement analysis

Gross motor performance of infants with an at-home wearable measurement and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: a concurrent validity study

Airaksinen, M., Palsa, T., Hautala, A., Boonzaaijer, M., Haataja, L. M. and Vanhatalo, S. · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 2026

A concurrent validity study against the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: 67 at-home measurements from 42 infants, half of them recruited from a neurodevelopmental follow-up clinic. BIMS and the physiotherapist-assessed AIMS correlated at rho = 0.97, and flagging low-performing infants at the 5th and 10th centile agreed at kappa = 0.81.

Garment: MAIJU Analysis: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Other: Infant movement analysis Validation

NAPping PAnts (NAPPA): an open wearable solution for monitoring infant's sleeping rhythms, respiration and posture

de Sena, S., Häggman, M., Ranta, J., Roienko, O., Ilén, E., Acosta, N., Salama, J., Kirjavainen, T., Stevenson, N., Airaksinen, M. and Vanhatalo, S. · Heliyon, 2024

The NAPPA wearable and its sleep classifier. In 33 infants aged 2 weeks to 18 months recorded during polysomnography, a three-state classifier (wake, light sleep, deep sleep) built on five features computed in the sensor agreed with expert scoring at a median of 78%. Sixteen parents who used NAPPA at home found it safe and comfortable.

Garment: NAPPA Analyses: Respiration, arousals, and position Sleep detection Other: Infant sleep analysis Methods

Intelligent wearable allows out-of-the-lab tracking of developing motor abilities in infants

Airaksinen, M., Gallen, A., Kivi, A., Vijayakrishnan, P., Häyrinen, T., Ilén, E., Räsänen, O., Haataja, L. M. and Vanhatalo, S. · Communications Medicine, 2022

The original MAIJU study: 59 infants, second-by-second classification of postures and movements at human-equivalent accuracy, and the first version of the BABA Infant Motor Score, which correlated with age at r = 0.89.

Garment: MAIJU Analyses: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Gross motor growth charts Posture and movement profile Other: Infant movement analysis Methods

Research areas

MAIJU

Studies using the MAIJU movement wearable.

NAPPA

Studies using the NAPPA sleep wearable.

Infant movement analysis

Gross motor development, posture and movement classification.

Infant sleep analysis

Sleep rhythms, arousals, respiration and posture at night.

Validation

Comparisons against clinical scales, reference instruments and parent report.

Methods

Recording protocols, signal processing and machine-learning methodology.

All publications

2026

At-home wearable measurements provide detailed growth charts of infant early gross motor development

Airaksinen, M., Taylor, E., Palsa, T., de Sena, S., Haataja, L. and Vanhatalo, S. Science Translational Medicine, 18(859), eadz7035. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adz7035 · PMID 42485433

Garment: MAIJU Analyses: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Gross motor growth charts Other: Infant movement analysis
Assessing infants' sleep in the home setting: designing rational study approaches Open access

Vanhatalo, S., Austin, T., Boylan, G. B., Blumberg, M., de Vos, M., Airaksinen, M., de Sena, S., Shellhaas, R. A. and Dudink, J. Pediatric Research, online ahead of print. doi:10.1038/s41390-026-05273-0 · PMID 42448911

Garment: NAPPA Other: Infant sleep analysis Methods
Assessing infant sleep quality and arousals: comparison of wearable data with parent perspectives Open access

de Sena, S., Airaksinen, M., Montazeri, S., Taylor, E., Paavonen, E. J. and Vanhatalo, S. Pediatric Research, 100(1), 194-200. doi:10.1038/s41390-025-04649-y · PMID 41366051

Garment: NAPPA Analysis: Respiration, arousals, and position Other: Infant sleep analysis Validation
Assessing motor development with wearables in low-resource settings: feasibility in rural Malawi Open access

Taylor, E., Airaksinen, M., Ihamuotila, R., Kivelä, M., Ashorn, U., Haataja, L. M., Mangani, C. and Vanhatalo, S. Pediatric Research, 99(7), 2444-2450. doi:10.1038/s41390-025-03818-3 · PMID 40033080

Garment: MAIJU Other: Infant movement analysis
Gross motor performance of infants with an at-home wearable measurement and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale: a concurrent validity study Open access

Airaksinen, M., Palsa, T., Hautala, A., Boonzaaijer, M., Haataja, L. M. and Vanhatalo, S. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, online ahead of print. doi:10.1111/dmcn.70175 · PMID 41699872

Garment: MAIJU Analysis: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Other: Infant movement analysis Validation

2025

Early gross motor performance is associated with concurrent prelinguistic and social development Open access

Gallen, A., Taylor, E., Salmi, J., Haataja, L., Vanhatalo, S. and Airaksinen, M. Pediatric Research, 98(3), 1016–1022. doi:10.1038/s41390-025-03832-5 · PMID 39824938

Garment: MAIJU Analysis: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Other: Infant movement analysis
Trade-offs between simplifying inertial measurement unit-based movement recordings and the attainability of different levels of analyses: systematic assessment of method variations Open access

Airaksinen, M., Räsänen, O. and Vanhatalo, S. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 13, e58078. doi:10.2196/58078 · PMID 40460316

Garment: MAIJU Analyses: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Posture and movement profile Other: Methods
Assessing infant gross motor performance with an at-home wearable Open access

Airaksinen, M., Gallen, A., Taylor, E., de Sena, S., Palsa, T., Haataja, L. and Vanhatalo, S. Pediatrics, 155(4), e2024068647. doi:10.1542/peds.2024-068647 · PMID 40049221

Garment: MAIJU Analyses: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Gross motor growth charts Other: Infant movement analysis
PFML: Self-supervised learning of time-series data without representation collapse Open access

Vaaras, E., Airaksinen, M. and Räsänen, O. IEEE Access. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3556957

Garment: MAIJU Analysis: Posture and movement profile Other: Infant movement analysis Methods

2024

NAPping PAnts (NAPPA): an open wearable solution for monitoring infant's sleeping rhythms, respiration and posture Open access

de Sena, S., Häggman, M., Ranta, J., Roienko, O., Ilén, E., Acosta, N., Salama, J., Kirjavainen, T., Stevenson, N., Airaksinen, M. and Vanhatalo, S. Heliyon, 10(13), e33295. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33295 · PMID 39027497

Garment: NAPPA Analyses: Respiration, arousals, and position Sleep detection Other: Infant sleep analysis Methods
Quantified assessment of infant's gross motor abilities using a multisensor wearable Open access

Taylor, E., Airaksinen, M., Gallen, A., Immonen, T., Ilén, E., Palsa, T., Haataja, L. M. and Vanhatalo, S. Journal of Visualized Experiments, (207), e65949. doi:10.3791/65949 · PMID 38829118

Garment: MAIJU Other: Infant movement analysis Methods
Automatic assessment of infant carrying and holding using at-home wearable recordings Open access

Airaksinen, M., Vaaras, E., Haataja, L., Räsänen, O. and Vanhatalo, S. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 4852. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54536-5 · PMID 38418850

Garment: MAIJU Analysis: Posture and movement profile Other: Infant movement analysis Methods

2023

Evaluation of self-supervised pre-training for automatic infant movement classification using wearable movement sensors

Vaaras, E., Airaksinen, M., Vanhatalo, S. and Räsänen, O. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2023, 1-6. doi:10.1109/EMBC40787.2023.10340118 · PMID 38083169

Garment: MAIJU Analysis: Posture and movement profile Other: Infant movement analysis Methods
Charting infants' motor development at home using a wearable system: validation and comparison to physical growth charts Open access

Airaksinen, M., Taylor, E., Gallen, A., Ilén, E., Saari, A., Sankilampi, U., Räsänen, O., Haataja, L. M. and Vanhatalo, S. eBioMedicine, 92, 104591. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104591 · PMID 37137181

Garment: MAIJU Analyses: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Gross motor growth charts Other: Infant movement analysis Validation
Comparison of end-to-end neural network architectures and data augmentation methods for automatic infant motility assessment using wearable sensors Open access

Airaksinen, M., Vanhatalo, S. and Räsänen, O. Sensors, 23(7), 3773. doi:10.3390/s23073773 · PMID 37050833

Garment: MAIJU Analysis: Posture and movement profile Other: Infant movement analysis Methods

2022

Intelligent wearable allows out-of-the-lab tracking of developing motor abilities in infants Open access

Airaksinen, M., Gallen, A., Kivi, A., Vijayakrishnan, P., Häyrinen, T., Ilén, E., Räsänen, O., Haataja, L. M. and Vanhatalo, S. Communications Medicine, 2, 69. doi:10.1038/s43856-022-00131-6 · PMID 35721830

Garment: MAIJU Analyses: BABA Infant Motor Score (BIMS) Gross motor growth charts Posture and movement profile Other: Infant movement analysis Methods

2021

An openly available wearable, a diaper cover, monitors infant's respiration and position during rest and sleep Open access

Ranta, J., Ilén, E., Palmu, K., Salama, J., Roienko, O. and Vanhatalo, S. Acta Paediatrica, 110(10), 2766-2771. doi:10.1111/apa.15996

Garment: NAPPA Analysis: Respiration, arousals, and position Other: Infant sleep analysis Validation

2020

Automatic posture and movement tracking of infants with wearable movement sensors Open access

Airaksinen, M., Räsänen, O., Ilén, E., Häyrinen, T., Kivi, A., Marchi, V., Gallen, A., Blom, S., Varhe, A., Kaartinen, N., Haataja, L. and Vanhatalo, S. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 169. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56862-5 · PMID 31932616

Garment: MAIJU Analysis: Posture and movement profile Other: Infant movement analysis Methods

2019

User experience of wearable infant sleep monitoring system for medical research and diagnostics Open access

Ilén, E., Acosta Leinonen, N., Ranta, J., Airaksinen, M., Haataja, L. and Vanhatalo, S. AUTEX. doi:10.21825/autex.63831

Garment: NAPPA Other: Infant sleep analysis Methods

Working with us

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